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At present, there are three kinds of feed types for sows: powder feed, liquid feed and pellet feed. Powder materials can be divided into two types: coarse powder (simple mixture) and commercial fine powder. With the sharp rise of corn price in recent years, some customers realized that the demand for pellet material increased sharply when the cost of self mixing was almost the same as that of the mixture. Therefore, feed factory was developed to cope with market changes. However, the use of granular feed has been controversial. This paper analyzes the problems in sow nutrition physiology and production practice

1 母豬對(duì)粉狀料的采食量比顆粒料的采食量大

The feed intake of the sows was higher than that of the pellet feed

這個(gè)事實(shí)背后的原因主要是母豬有著發(fā)達(dá)的牙齒、靈活的舌頭和碩大的口腔，粉狀料對(duì)其味覺、嗅覺的刺激使得頭期消化液的分泌較顆粒料量大。唾液淀粉酶對(duì)粉料的作用也較顆粒料更為迅速。因此母豬對(duì)粉狀料的食欲更強(qiáng)。在野生狀態(tài)下，母豬的食物范圍相當(dāng)廣泛，包括塊根塊莖類、青綠飼料、谷物籽實(shí)、小動(dòng)物等，成熟的谷物籽實(shí)很硬，所以顆粒狀的食物并不是母豬。并且，豬有搶食的習(xí)慣，一次大量進(jìn)食顆粒料的后果很嚴(yán)重：未經(jīng)充分咀嚼的顆料在消化道存留的時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，頭期消化液分泌不足也導(dǎo)致消化道蠕動(dòng)減緩。特別是在圍產(chǎn)期，母豬食欲下降和便秘的出現(xiàn)就成了必然。

The main reason behind this fact is that sows have developed teeth, flexible tongue and large mouth. The stimulation of taste and smell by powdery materials makes the secretion of digestive juice in the first stage more than that of granular materials. The effect of salivary amylase on powder was more rapid than that of granular material. Therefore, sows have a stronger appetite for powdery materials. Therefore, it is not suitable for the wide range of sows and sows in the state of small and solid grain. In addition, pigs have the habit of grabbing food, and the consequences of eating a large amount of granular materials at a time are very serious: the grains that are not fully chewed remain in the digestive tract for a long time, and the insufficient secretion of digestive juice in the first stage also leads to the slowing down of gastrointestinal peristalsis. Especially in the perinatal period, the loss of appetite and constipation of sows become inevitable.

2 粉狀料較顆粒更“新鮮”

2. Powder is more "fresh" than particles

眾所周知，粉狀料不易保存，在北方，夏季庫存時(shí)間也不能超過15天，因其開包后與空氣中的氧氣接觸面積更大，更易被氧化;而顆粒料則不同，經(jīng)過擠壓之后與空氣接觸面積減小，因而可放置更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。就現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用效果來說，3天以內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的粉狀料更有優(yōu)勢(shì)(中間環(huán)節(jié)越少，對(duì)母豬來說越好)。

As we all know, powdery materials are not easy to be preserved. In the north, the storage time in summer can not exceed 15 days, because the contact area between powder materials and oxygen in the air is larger after unpacking, and it is easier to be oxidized; but the granular materials are different. After extrusion, the contact area with air is reduced, so it can be stored for a longer time. In terms of field application effect, the powder produced within 3 days is more advantageous (the less intermediate links, the better for sows).

(1)在夏季，冷卻風(fēng)機(jī)對(duì)新生產(chǎn)的物料可否做到迅速冷卻?

(1) In summer, can the cooling fan rapidly cool the newly produced materials?

(2)制粒過程能起到有效嗎?從微生物方面來講，干熱的效果要好于濕熱，但制粒工藝能達(dá)到嗎?況且制粒后的物料也一直是半開放式的被輸送到成品倉，有沒有二次污染的可能?

(2) Can granulation process achieve effective sterilization? In terms of microorganism, the effect of dry heat sterilization is better than that of wet heat sterilization, but can granulation process be achieved? Moreover, the materials after granulation have been transported to the finished product warehouse in a semi open way. Is there any possibility of secondary pollution?

(3)一些熱敏物質(zhì)如植酸酶、微生態(tài)制劑和維生素等，閾量提高水平多少為宜?就常識(shí)而言，只要是酶蛋白，高溫下存活的幾率不超過10%，那么超量添加意味著什么?

(3) For some heat sensitive substances, such as phytase, microecological agents and vitamins, how much should the safety threshold be raised? In terms of common sense, as long as the enzyme protein has a survival rate of less than 10% at high temperature, what is the meaning of excessive addition?

3 粉狀料較顆粒料適應(yīng)性更強(qiáng)

3. The adaptability of powder material is stronger than that of granular material

對(duì)于育肥豬，物料粉得越細(xì)，消化率越高，在保證其不得消化道潰瘍的前提下，2.0-3.0mm的微粒。母豬則不同，尤其是3胎以內(nèi)的母豬，其飼料既然保證其一定的瘦肉生長(zhǎng)速度，還要鍛煉其胃腸功能，使得其高產(chǎn)仔率的遺傳優(yōu)勢(shì)得以發(fā)揮。

For fattening pigs, the finer the material powder is, the higher the digestibility is. On the premise of no peptic ulcer, 2.0-3.0 mm particles are most popular. Sows are different, especially for sows within three fetuses. Since their feed can ensure the growth rate of lean meat and exercise their gastrointestinal function, the genetic advantage of high litter rate can be brought into play.

在其養(yǎng)分需求得到滿足的前提下，飼料的粉碎粒度與其上消化道的功能發(fā)揮密切相關(guān)，而飼料中的纖維含量則與后腸發(fā)酵有關(guān)。多數(shù)研究已經(jīng)表明，粉碎粒度4.0mm左右對(duì)母豬的健康更有利，而5%~8%的粗纖維含量則有利于改善母豬后腸段微生物的適度生長(zhǎng)，這兩個(gè)指標(biāo)對(duì)于顆粒料的生產(chǎn)是十分不利的，更關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是，對(duì)環(huán)模的使用壽命影響很大。

On the premise of meeting the nutrient requirements, the grinding particle size of feed is closely related to the function of upper digestive tract, while the fiber content of feed is related to hindgut fermentation. Most studies have shown that the comminution size of about 4.0 mm is more beneficial to the health of sows, and the content of 5% ~ 8% crude fiber is beneficial to improve the moderate growth of microorganisms in the hindgut segment of sows. These two indicators are very unfavorable for the production of granular feed, and the most important point is that it has a great impact on the service life of the ring mold.

那么理想的母豬料是什么形式的呢?為保持母豬的種用性能，我認(rèn)為母豬料應(yīng)包括三部分：

In order to maintain sow performance, I think sow feed should include three parts

一是營(yíng)養(yǎng)的粉狀料，為保證其中蛋白質(zhì)等養(yǎng)分的消化率，其粗纖維水平不超過5%。

One is the comprehensive nutrition powder, in order to ensure the digestibility of protein and other nutrients, the crude fiber level is not more than 5%.

二是青綠飼料或塊根塊莖類飼料，可洗凈后切碎飼喂，補(bǔ)充部分纖維和維生素，同時(shí)可起到胃腸保健的作用。

The other is green feed or tuber feed, which can be washed and chopped to feed, supplement part of fiber and vitamin, and play a role in gastrointestinal health care.

三是泥土或泥炭飼料，作用是保護(hù)母豬的蹄質(zhì)健康?，F(xiàn)代高強(qiáng)度選育的母豬品系之所以群體更新頻率高，骨骼發(fā)育較差，蹄質(zhì)較弱是主要原因，往往還未達(dá)到5產(chǎn)、6產(chǎn)，就因?yàn)殛P(guān)節(jié)問題或蹄質(zhì)問題淘汰掉了。

Third, soil or peat feed, the role is to protect sow hoof health. The main reasons for the high population regeneration frequency, poor bone development and weak hoof quality of modern high-strength breeding sows are that they have not reached the fifth and sixth production, because of joint problems or hoof problems.